Alpha-1 Antitrypsin

Latest Edit: Hector 2014-03-21 (EDT)

See Also	Lab Tests

This test is conducted in patients with a family history of emphysema, as there is a tendency of this anti-enzyme to be deficient in such individuals.

Discussion

• Alpha-1 antitrypsin, or AAT inactivates endoproteases (protein catabolic enzymes that are released in the body by degenerating and dying cells), such as trypsin and neutrophil elastase.
• Deficiencies of AAT can be genetic or acquired, where acquired deficiencies can occur in patients with protein-deficiency syndromes (e.g. malnutrition, liver disease, nephrotic syndrome, neonatal respiratory distress syndrome).
• The major clinical symptoms of AAT deficiency include progressive dyspnea with minimal coughing. Chronic bronchitis and bronchiectasis can be seen in those with AAT deficiency who smoke.

Patient Preparation

• No fasting required.

• Factors which can cause increased levels

• Serum levels of AAT can double during pregnancy.
• Drugs: Oral contraceptives

• Factors which can cause decreased levels

• None noted

Clinical Implications

High levels indicate:

• Acute and chronic inflammatory disorders
• Stress
• Infection
• Thyroid infections

Low levels indicate:

• Early onset of emphysema (adults)
• Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome
• Cirrhosis
• Low serum proteins

Associated Tests

• C-Reactive Protein (CRP), Erythrocyte sedimentation rate